1 Reply. The theory of knowledge (Epistemology) is the philosophical study of the nature, scope and limitation of what constitutes knowledge, its acquisition and analysis. The Theology is split into ten sections (each called a mimar, a Syriac word for ‘chapter’). Another interesting thought about Forrest Gump is how he was able to learn street smarts and politeness. In recent. nurture is an age-old debate about whether genetics (nature) plays a bigger role in determining a person's characteristics than lived experience and environmental factors (nurture). phrenology. Genc Quincy College Abstract Nature vs. Aristotle is celebrated as “the master of them that know. Now that the 20 th century is over, most (not all) scientists believe that nature and nurture combine in a complex mixture to produce human behavior. The Scope of Ancient Political Philosophy. The nature vs. The term "nature vs. The propensity for a grizzly bear to develop conflict behaviours might be a result of social learning between mothers and cubs, genetic inheritance, or both learning and inheritance. For example, during the Greek Classical Period, Plato favored nature, and disputed with Aristotle who favored nurture. 000 college essays for A+ grades. 2. Nature vs. social background), philosophy vs. ”His premise is that neurological and psychological. Voluntary Action, Moral Responsibility, and What is “Up to Us”. Human law must be the particular application of natural law. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the. Nurture debate over human behavior resulted from conflicting views between proponents of the physiological and sociological explanations. Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change, by Bruce E. The short video presented discussed this and questioned the viability of both while presenting evidence of both. P 262) [1] argued that perception is innate because the sensory array is sufficiently rich in information for perception to take place without any additional. *The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. genetic influence) or nurture (i. 2 Pages 993 Words. Both nature and environmental factors interact to help children develop language. Though multitudinous more of Plato's works survived the centuries, Aristotle's contributions have arguably been more influential, particularly available it arriving to science and logical reasoning. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and. Nurture 558 Words | 2 Pages. (a) Wisdom. , after those of his "books" which. This controversy is most often recognized as the nature verses nurture conflict. The topic of nature versus nurture becomes the cause of debate among scientists, doctors, behaviorists, and many others. These perspectives correspond to the theories of nature and nurture respectively. This debate can be one of the most contentious. You can look at the following example. nurture , but the interaction of nature and nurture that drives development . This debate concerns how much of an individual, and who s/he is, can be attributed either to nature (i. Philosophers such as Plato and Descartes supported the idea that some ideas are inborn. the relationship of knowledge to opinion, reality to experience, and metaphysics to epistemology. Although more evidence is being discovered, the topic is still very arguable. According to Aristotle, the State is. pdf from PSY 810 at Grand Canyon University. Nativism vs. His is closer to Aristotle and mine to Plato, although each of us parts. S. Like Plato, Aristotle thinks that we can take a person’s pleasures and pains to be a sign of his state of character. nurture can be dated as far back as 300 BC during Socrates and Plato’s time. These two renowned philosophers had different ideas about a lot of things, including the. Aristotle. In around the 300s BC, Socrates and Plato. Although David was dressed as a girl and brought up as a girl he still. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited from your parents and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle. This nature/nurture dichotomy and the emphasis on the origins question has had a powerful effect on our thinking about development right into modern times. In the history of psychology, no other question has caused so much controversy and offense: We are so concerned with nature–nurture because our very sense of moral character seems to depend on it. nurture has been strongly debated in psychology. Tools Share Abstract The debate about whether an attribute or idea is a product of human ‘nature’ or ‘nurture’ has a long, interdisciplinary history. The topic of nature versus nurture becomes the cause of debate among scientists, doctors, behaviorists, and many others. Nature refers to the physical world and its contents. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. - The Atlantic Plato’s Ideal Ruler Today | Issue 101 - Philosophy Now Guide to the classics: Plato's Republic - The ConversationPlato often invokes, particularly in his dialogues Phaedo, Republic and Phaedrus, poetic language to illustrate the mode in which the Forms are said to exist. Both Plato and Aristotle are, in very different ways, attempting to respond to this issue raised by Heraclitus. According to Freud, human development is influenced by both nurture and nature. PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 1 QUIZ. C. Nurture Debate. The debate concerning 'nature vs. ) Click the card to flip 👆. Human Nature, not only exists ~. C. ” “Nature” means innate biological. C. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The theory of nature versus nurture initially came into the light in 1869 and the psychologist Sir Francis Galton was credited to use the term for the first time in history (Bynum 2002). Ethics, for example, concerns how one ought to live and focuses on pleasure, virtue, and happiness. Like the nature versus nurture debate, Stage 1 of the person versus situation debate consisted of passionate arguments about which one of these contenders, conceptualized as dichotomous entities, was more important and explains more of the variance. philosophical schools, from Plato and Aristotle, down to Edward Carpenter and John Dewey, with attention along the way paid to both individual authors like Thomas Hobbes and Mary. The reason why this topic has been around for so long is because we can not. The nature vs nurture debate and our path-breaking discovery of a consensus which suggests that:-. However, Zaky (2015) extended the debate on nature and nurture by asking how much each factor influences any psychological behaviour. In Stage 2, just as in the nature-nurture debate, after years of heated. The British philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John. nurture can be dated as far back as 300 BC during Socrates and Plato’s time. As you can probably tell from the title, this article is a bit different from the rest. Later in the 1600’s, there were new rivals for the nature-nurture issue which were. 56) Basically nature is what you have from heredity and nurture is you environmental influences. He aims to create a peaceful united city that will lead to the greater good of the community and individuals. Historians have called this debate "Nature versus Nurture," because of Sir Francis Galton, but this argument soon became Biodeterminism versus Environmentalism in the 20 century (Kimble, 1993). 2566. The age-old question regarding nature and nurture can be argued either way and has by countless learned and brilliant people. e. Plato was concerned, even more than was Socrates (so scholars believe) with metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. Nature is the predetermined traits that people are born with, while nurture is the influence that affects people after they’re born. Cooper, D. Similarly, Emanuel Kant and John Locke, during the Enlightenment period, held the same debate. Nurture versus nature is an age old debate, beginning with the idea’s founders, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. environment you were raised in. Based on the David reamer story‚ he was born a boy but brought up to be a girl; however this failed due to nature taking over. In a meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits, researchers looked at over 50 years of twin studies, compiling evidence from over 2,000 publications reporting on a combined 17,804 traits and 14,558,903 twins. It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach that emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism). 3. Part 1: Nature Versus Nurture. by changing the experiences that comprise those impressions. The Nature versus Nurture Debate What makes you who you are? This question is the essence behind the nature versus nurture debate. Nature is. He believed that the world, like we see it, is not the real world. Plato’s views of happiness generally consisted of the importance of morality and following the cardinal values of justice, fortitude, prudence, and temperance. Leibniz was one of the first who drew attention to the lack of Plato’s influence on Locke when in his Preface to the New Essays on Human Understanding he wrote: [Although the author of the Essay says hundreds of fine things which I applaud, our systems are very different. The debate has raged on for centuries, dating all the way back to Plato and Aristotle arguing for separate sides (Plato arguing for nature and… • The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment, either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes. nurture. Plato suggests that the soul is distinct from the body. but also, ~. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited from your parents and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. , philosophers asked the same question on human. Other important figures like John Locke also looked into the debate. The nature side of the debate, is debated whether or not the characteristics of a person, like personality and habits are passed down through the family gene. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. Born in 384 B. Ancient philosophers Plato and Aristotle formed the argument through conflicting beliefs on the basics of human knowledge. For example, during the Greek Classical Period, Plato favored nature, and disputed with Aristotle who favored nurture. Plato. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. Nature is the idea that genetics and biology determine an individual’s behaviors and thoughts. Nature vs nurture is in no way a new controversy. Aristotle and Locke c. Nature versus Nurture Debate Nature vs. · “When the mind is thinking it is talking to itself. Nurture?The debate has obsessed the minds of psychologists and philosophers for many years. 01 Plato and Aristotle share with us the assumption that the aim of natural science is to provide an objective description of the natural world. Plato’s most famous student was Aristotle‚ who regardless of his education by the great philosopher has different views and opinions that Plato. In pre-Socratic usage, physis. Homosexuality is one of the most controversial‚ debated‚ and misunderstood topics. This definition is rooted ultimately in Aristotle’s distinction between things that exist by nature and things that exist by craft (Metaphysics 1033a ff. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these times. (Aristotle) Politics ( Πολιτικά, Politiká) is a work of political philosophy by Aristotle, a 4th-century BC Greek philosopher. Mary Shelley's believes in nurture more than nature. In this middle-ground. Bryanna Huyer-Druschel Debra White Com 1 18 May 2015 Nature vs. behavior. ”. Medical Daily writer, Dana Dovey, journalist of Nature vs. Like his work in zoology, Aristotle’s political studies combine. The nature vs. 5 million pairs of twins has finally concluded that the nature versus nurture debate is a draw” (Dovey). can be traced back several millenniums ago. Plato writes that a human person is. Here Aristotle insists that all four causes are involved in the explanation of natural phenomena. Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle pondered whether individuals were born with innate qualities (nature) or whether these qualities were acquired through experience and education (nurture). Nature vs nurture has a strong affect on people where it has an effect when the adolescence students is in a. Socrates, born in Athens in 470 BC, is often credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Nature versus nurture is one of the oldest debated questions in history. 1. But Aristotle himself did not use that title or even describe his field of study as. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental. Nurture Debate. Initially, the debate centered around the question of whether human behavior and traits were primarily influenced by nature (genetics) or nurture (environmental factors). Although the term wasn't coined until 1869 by, Francis Galton. These Greeks introduced the term nativism (nature) as the idea that our thoughts, ideas, and characteristics are inborn. Check out this FREE essay on Nature Versus Nurture ️ and use it to write your own unique paper. “Man is a political animal,” Aristotle observes; human beings are creatures of flesh and blood, rubbing shoulders with each other in cities and communities. Aristotle is often regarded as one of Plato’s greatest rivals in the. scholars debate from the nature-inspired and nurture-inspired perspectives. In the 17 th century the French philosopher René Descartes set out views which held that we all, as individual Human Beings, possess certain in-born ideas that underpin our approach to the world. The debate for nurture vs. Nature vs. Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held contradicting views about human intelligence. Plato andThe nature vs. Nature refers to people’s genes. E), Plato (427 – 347 B. This means that when. 1 The Nativist Turn 1. Fusis, Phusis or Physis ( / ˈfaɪˈsɪs /; Ancient Greek: φύσις [pʰýsis]) is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English —according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature". So does nature or nurture contribute more to someone’s personality and behaviour? Or do they both play a role in shaping our. I will argue, with reference to the Symposium , that Aristotle does not ignore various key strands of Plato's account of eros , and that reflection on the particular nature of Aristotle's relationship to this work is helpful in restoring attention to more general ethical themes that emerge from the Platonic work. Fusis, Phusis or Physis (/ ˈ f aɪ ˈ s ɪ s /; Ancient Greek: φύσις) is a Greek philosophical, theological, and scientific term, usually translated into English—according to its Latin translation "natura"—as "nature". Similarly, Emanuel Kant and John Locke, during the Enlightenment. The “Middle Ground” Perspective on Nature–Nurture. , when Hippocrates and Aristotle were both searching for a way to explain human behavior and animation of the body. Post navigation Previous post: ← Previous Post Next post: “Motivated to seek pleasure, not pain” →Plato, Aristotle, and the Founders. Natures and the four causes. Plato proposed that the origins of structure and function lie in the organism's nature whereas Aristotle proposed that they lie in its nurture. Nurture” (ORIGINS). Aristotle’s Metaphysics. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. This debate continued through the Enlightenment era, with philosophers like. The so-called Theology of Aristotle is the longest, and most famous, text to preserve an Arabic version of the Enneads of Plotinus. Admittedly, the author never claims that Aristotle agrees with Plato on the ethical relevance of natural philosophy. The Four Causes and the Study of Nature. nurture debate centers on the contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human development. This is the question of nature vs nurture, and the subject-matter of evolutionary psychology. Open Document. Free Essays for Students. Your assignment is to discuss the debate pertaining to nature vs. D) Skinner is to Chomsky. Nature vs Nurture has been a long debate where psychologists and biologist are trying to figure out if you are made into the person you are or born‚ there is many different documented cases and experiments along with a long study on criminals to decide if what they did was purely biological or previous events made them do it. The end of the Nicomachean Ethics declared that the inquiry into ethics necessarily follows into politics, and the two works are frequently considered to be parts of a larger treatise—or perhaps. Nature vs. There is an analogous distinction for knowledge acquisition and artificial intelligence. aristotle thought plato's theory of the forms was confusing because _____. Nature vs. Plato was a Greek philosopher‚ mathematician‚ rhetorician‚ writer‚ founder of Academy‚ and even a double Olympic champion. , upbringing) play a greater role in shaping, for example, our personality. Those who are too smart to engage in politics are punished by being governed by those who are dumber. d. Classical Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle picked their sides on the causes of human. 2566. According to the Philosophy of Plato, the fundamental character of Philosopher is. C. (Spencer A. “You can use a spear as a walking stick, but that will not change its nature. Using non-invasive genetic sampling, we collected grizzly bear hair samples during 2011–2014 across southwestern Alberta, Canada. 428 – 347 BC) and Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) are two of the most influential philosophers in history. Plato and Descartes, philosophers, proposed that certain things are inborn and regardless of environmental influence they occur naturally and many other philosophers believed that all of our characteristics and behaviors are the result of. Many basic ideas that we still examine in psychology can be traced back to these two Greek philosophers; who had a very logical, analytical form of psychology that treats behavior as something simple; analyzed reasons for actions and types of. Aristotle rejected this notion and believed “knowledge is the result of experience” and. Plato. Aristotle's psychology included a study into the formation of the human mind, as one of the first salvos in the debate between nature and nurture that influences many academic disciplines, including psychology, sociology, education, politics and human geography. Beckett (2002) defined the nature as. (St. From the Greek, psychologists, Socrates and Plato started to build a theory that the element decides why people think, feel and behave in their own ways is not what environment that the people live in, but is born with them. Reviewed by Jacob Klein, Colgate University. This issue is whether heredity or environment plays a greater role in the determining or shaping of an individual's behavior. The nature vs. In the work of. 825 Words | 4 Pages. nurture debate is over whether children develop their physiological attributes based on genetics, which is “Nature” or how they were raised, also known as “nurture”. nurture in regards to intellect. Ancient philosophy. genetic influence) or nurture (i. Plato, as a rationalist, believed that understanding was obtained by human reasoning. 12. Human Nature, not only exists ~. For the history fair, we decided to debate nature versus nurture and the two people we used in our debate was Greek philosopher, Aristotle on the side of nature and for the side of nurture is also a Greek philosopher Plato. On the opposite end of the spectrum, Aristotle worked with. 1. Aristotle was far more empirical-minded than Plato. Throughout history, suicide has evoked an astonishingly wide range of reactions—bafflement, dismissal, heroic glorification, sympathy, anger, moral or religious condemnation—but it is never uncontroversial. All truth is present within objects in the world. nurture debate has been around since Ancient Greece when Plato and Aristotle disputed the origins of human behaviour. 4. Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle have depended on nature or nurture to explained human behavior (Kan et al. At present, there is no clear winner regarding the debate as both genes (nature) and environmental factors/stimuli (nurture) seem to play a vital and important role in language acquisition. He asserts that human nature consists of strong innate drives and repressed memories. Nurture is how much of your personality was caused because of your environment‚ how you were raised. Nature vs Nurture. relevance of Plato's views to debates on such issues as nature vs. The Debate of Nature vs. In The Republic‚ Plato creates the ideal city‚ which is needed to guarantee justice. nurture debate? Secondly, what were the views of Aristotle on the nature vs. “Our first impressions are generated by our experiences and our environment, which means that we can change our first impressions . We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. While Socrates casted fatalistic and monolithic dispositions in his analysis and elaborated his thoughts in dialectic form, Aristotle, in contrast, embraced freedom of choice and diversity (pluralism) and articulated the importance of contingent particularity of historical experiences. Aristotle had a geocentric view of the universe; that the earth was in the centre. , Physics 192b ff. This means that when an entity moves or is at rest according to its nature reference to its nature may serve as an explanation of the event. Aristotle argued that all that a human has is not innate, but arrives. Nature vs nurture is in no way a new controversy. A. In 350 B. Full Text of the Graphic. Plato proposed that the origins of structure and function lie in the organism's nature whereas Aristotle proposed that they lie in its nurture. Nature is the predetermined traits that people are born with, while nurture is the influence that affects people after they’re born. their personal experiences. These terms date back to the ancient Greek philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Aristotle wrote two ethical treatises: the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian Ethics. Biography of Plato. Aristotle’s Life. Paul writes in 1 Corinthians 13:11, “When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. Nurture: An Examination of the Wild Boy of Aveyron. This means. They agree with Aristotle that the human being’s essence is a life in accord with reason. Twenty-first-century psychology textbooks often state that the nature–nurture debates have been resolved, and the tension relaxed, because we have moved on from emphasizing nature or nurture to appreciating that development necessarily involves both nature and nurture. ”. Author Fiona Cowie states, “The claim that the. Today, you might apply the wisdom of these ancient Greek. nurture. Plato, Republic: "Women and men have the same nature in respect to the guardianship of the state, save insofar as the one is weaker and the other is stronger. nature. Plato applied an inside/out approach to the nature of reality. . Amongst the many works attributed to Plato's authorship is his "The Republic" wherein is set out a series. culturization. Unlike Plato who imagines the ideal city‚ Aristotle looks at actual cities in The Politics. 1 Free will and the ability to do otherwise. Whether intelligence depends more on nature or on nur ture is a long-standing issue dating back to 17th-century rationalism and empiricism and with roots in the ancient Greek philosophies of Plato and Aristotle (Fancher, 1996). Some philosophers, such as Plato and Descartes,. He claimed that as the highest form of virtue, knowledge attracts all other virtues. Nature vs. The debate about nature versus nurture goes back to humans’ earliest days of intellectual dispute. Nature and nurture debate is a discussion that concerns the comparative significance of individuals’ innate qualities. Plato. (b) Courage. g. Their goals were very different from the goals of contemporary philosophy, to. Nurture debate. , In debating the origins of human traits, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of. Socrates’ view of wisdom, as expressed by Plato in The Apology (20e-23c), is sometimes interpreted as an example of a humility theory of wisdom (see, for example, Ryan 1996 and Whitcomb, 2010). B) Behaviorism is to evolutionary psychology. Nature and nurture debate is a discussion that concerns the comparative significance of individuals’ innate qualities. Classical Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle picked their sides on the causes of human. In a APA formatted 3-page typed essay (12pt Times font, double spaced), consider the following questions: 1. View Both Plato and Aristotle believed that there is a world of true knowledge. In 350 B. On one side Nature‚ the argument that it is the genes of the parents that shape a person behaviour‚ personality and even the persons well being to. Students of Plato and other ancient philosophers divide philosophy into three parts: Ethics, Epistemology and Metaphysics. Plato believing that knowledge was present at birth, and that environment did not teach anything new. This is a scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture (Goodtherapy). nurture for years on end. He believed this largely because he thought that in Democracy every man would arrange his own life to suit his pleasure, and if anything this seems like an early attack upon moral relativism because of the anger towards men just doing whatever they wished. Aristotle's insight is that even though the sensible world does con“ It is not nature vs. , The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts then a. Plato believed behavior and knowledge was due to innate factors. These issues are at the center of the ongoing nature versus nurture debate or controversy. Furthermore, Plato’s perspective on human. The debate between Nature vs. nurture". nomos could be applied to any subject, much like the modern contrast of "nature vs. While we may admire the athletic skills of a great basketball player, we think of his height as simply a gift, a payoff in the “genetic lottery. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates and his friend Chaerephon visit the oracle at Delphi. Ancient psychologists. Nurture - Nature refers to traits and characteristics that are inherited or genetic in. The reigning experimental paradigms in mid-20 th century American psychology were for the most part variants of Behaviorism. The phrase “nature versus nurture” refers to a long-standing debate in human biology: to what extent is our behaviour shaped by our genes (nature) or by the environment in which we grow up and. The cloud of mystery surrounding his life and philosophical viewpoints. nurture' is one of three controversial issues argued when psychologists talk of human development. Notable among these ideas was Plato's Theory of. b. As in so many other cases, he sets the agenda for the subsequent tradition. 1, 192b20–23). Plato argues for a higher form of goodness, while Aristotle argues back with a societal form of goodness. The nature verses nurture debate is whether if the way you act is based on genetic qualities, heredity, or if the environment you were born into had an effect on your upbringing and personality. The essence of water, for instance, will be its molecular structure, the essence of a. 664 Words. Plato believed in the existence of eternal, unchanging forms, while Aristotle believed in the existence of physical objects that are subject to change. 1 Aristotle on voluntary action. Like Plato, Aristotle believes that order, perfection, and goodness are found or discovered, not projected, in the natural world. Nature versus Nurture "Nature versus Nurture" is one of the oldest argument of all time in history and it still continues until now. Nurture Nature vs nurture is a psychology term related to whether heredity or environment has a greater impact on human psychological development (as in behavior‚ habits‚ intelligence‚ personality‚ sexuality and so on). nurture in the development of personality, identity and behavior is one of the most vibrant and interesting topics in psychology and the social sciences, particularly sociology. ”. Citing Socrates in APA. In the case of nature vs. Numerous generations before us have deliberated on the reasons behind the development of human behavior. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. Amongst the many works attributed to Plato's authorship is his "The Republic" wherein is set out a series. For a philosopher or philosophy student, these names mean much more. nurture for years on end. The Efficient cause in the universe. Nurture versus nature is an age old debate, beginning with the idea’s founders, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Plato and Descartes, philosophers who were thinking and writing some centuries earlier than ours, proposed that many human char- The nature versus nurture debate has undergone significant evolution over the years. Nature is the genetics, what. The debate centers on the relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development. E), an Athenian philosopher, believed that knowledge was innate. C) Nativism is to philosophical empiricism. There are conspicuous differences in thoughts. Plato and Descartes, philosophers who were thinking and writing some centuries earlier than ours, proposed that many human char-The nature versus nurture debate can be traced back to ancient times, when early thinkers pondered the extent to which human behavior and characteristics were determined by inherited factors or shaped by external influences. Other important figures like John Locke. nature" was coined by English naturalist Charles Darwin's younger half-cousin, anthropologist Francis Galton, around. . at the age of 81. (Spencer A. Plato (429 - 347 B. , $34. but also, ~. , inborn tendencies or genetic factors) or to nurture (i. Darwinian theories of human nature. Preliminaries. He developed this idea of empiricism, which most people will refer to as the nurture side of the Nature vs. According to Plato , humans are born with all knowledge . The good is the subject of Aristotle’s inquiry from the very beginning of the Politics:The famous nature vs. Nature, according to Aristotle, is an inner principle of change and being at rest ( Physics 2. A number of philosophical schools in different parts of the ancient world held that the universe is composed of some kind of ‘atoms’ or minimal parts, albeit for different reasons. The fundamental issue that remains unsolved in epistemology is the definition of knowledge. The Stoics assume that the good life for human beings is a life in accord with nature. These philosophers explored the problem through predication. Twenty-first-century psychology textbooks often state that the nature–nurture debates have been resolved, and the tension relaxed, because we have moved on from emphasizing nature or nurture to appreciating that development necessarily involves both nature and nurture. However, as our understanding of genetics and environmental influences has advanced, the. 1 Behaviorism and Nativism. 1. E), believed that our morality and capability of intelligence was inherited. Besides looking nearly identical to my mom, I also act a lot like her.